Understanding patterns and drivers of biodiversity across the landscape Formerly considered primarily as sources of negative environmental impact , cities are increasingly recognized as important contributors to biodiversity conservation. It is true that urban habitat loss and simplification often lead to endemic species loss... and high habitat heterogeneity, supplemental food, and dispersal into urban areas by (accidental or deliberate) importation can favour non-native or invasive species. However, well-planned and managed urban ecological infrastructure can also support the retention of native endemics and rare species – providing a critical role for cities in addressing biodiversity loss. How can we support cities in better conserving species?